Abstract: In order to obtain the seismic damage matrix of houses in line with the seismic damage situation and the characteristics of residential buildings in Hubei Province, this paper systematically analyzes the structural characteristics and seismic damage characteristics of three typical residential buildings, namely brick-concrete structure, brick-wood structure and civil engineering structure, based on the historical seismic survey data of 7 historical earthquakes in Hubei Province and the results of housing field investigation in Shiyan area, taking township and rural residential buildings as the research object, and uses the Beta probability density function to supplement the seismic damage matrix data in the high intensity area, and constructs the seismic vulnerability matrix of Hubei residential buildings. The reliability of the seismic vulnerability matrix is verified by comparing it with the seismic intensity table in the specification. The research results provide a scientific basis and effective reference for the evaluation of the seismic performance of township and rural residential buildings in Hubei Province.