Research on Seismic Response and Failure Modes of Pile Group Bridge Systems in Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading Site
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摘要: 震害调查表明，地震中土体液化引发场地发生侧向扩展致使桩基损伤进而耦联上部结构倒塌的案例常有发生，在近滨海地区的地层中更为显著。此外，斜桩与直桩在地震期间表现出不同的震害特征。基于此，采用高效多尺度全耦合三维精细化数值模拟方法，开展了液化侧向扩展场地直斜群桩桥梁体系地震响应研究。采用变渗透系数模型考虑液化过程中渗透系数的变化，引入主-从薄层接触单元模拟桩-土接触面脱离与滑移。研究结果表明：强震激励下，土体液化后场地发生侧向扩展，上坡桩与下坡桩呈现相反的轴向响应。桩基与土体之间出现明显的脱离、滑移，传统的绑定接触不适用于侧向扩展场地。斜桩与直桩在近场表现出不同的变形模式，上部结构沿不同的方向发生弯曲变形。与直桩相比，斜桩表现出更显著的桩钉效应，能够更有效地抵抗场地侧向扩展，明显降低土体、桩基、上部结构水平位移与加速度响应，提高体系抗震性能。但在工程设计中，需要重点关注斜桩体系的竖向位移。Abstract: Post-earthquake investigations have revealed numerous cases of pile foundation damage and consequent superstructure collapse caused by liquefaction-induced lateral spreading of the ground, particularly in coastal areas. Moreover, batter piles and vertical piles exhibit different seismic damage characteristics during earthquakes. Based on these observations, a study on the seismic response of vertical and batter pile group bridge systems in liquefaction-induced lateral spreading ground was conducted using an efficient multi-scale fully coupled three-dimensional refined numerical simulation method. The variable permeability model was employed to consider the changes in permeability during the liquefaction process, and master-slave thin-layer contact elements were introduced to simulate the separation and slippage of the pile-soil interface. The results show that under strong seismic excitation, the ground undergoes lateral spreading after soil liquefaction, and the upslope and downslope piles exhibit opposite axial responses. Significant separation and slippage occur between the pile and the surrounding soil, and the bonded contact is not applicable to lateral spreading ground. Batter piles and vertical piles exhibit different deformation patterns in the near-field, and the superstructure undergoes bending deformation along different directions. Compared with vertical piles, batter piles exhibit a stronger pile-pinning effect against lateral spreading. They significantly reduce the horizontal displacement and acceleration response of the soil, pile foundation, and superstructure, thereby enhancing the system’s seismic performance. However, in engineering design, special attention should be paid to the vertical displacement of the batter pile system.
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Key words:
- Lateral spreading /
- Batter piles /
- Numerical simulation /
- Seismic response /
- Displacement
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图 1 典型三层土液化倾斜场地群桩桥梁体系
Figure 1. Pile group system for a typical three-layer soil inclined liquefaction sites
图 2 液化倾斜场地群桩桥梁体系三维模型及细节
Figure 2. Liquefiable sloping ground soil-pile group-bridge structure model and details
图 4 Ottawa砂土（Dr=40%&90%）试验与数值模拟结果比较
Figure 4. Comparison between experimental and numerical simulations for Ottawa sand with Dr（40%&90%）
图 11 土-结体系水平位移云图（HBB）
Figure 11. Cloud map of the horizontal displacement of the soil-structure system（HBB）
图 12 斜群桩桥梁体系竖向位移云图（HBB）
Figure 12. Cloud map of the vertical displacement of the system（HBB）
图 13 斜桩竖向位移和轴力沿埋深分布
Figure 13. Vertical displacement and axial force of batter pile with burial depth
图 15 桩基水平位移峰值沿埋深分布
Figure 15. Peak horizontal displacement of the pile foundation along depth
图 19 承台与上部结构水平位移
Figure 19. Horizontal displacement of the pile cap and superstructure
表 1 土材料参数
Table 1. Soil parameters
参数 黏土 参数 松砂 密砂 密度ρclay/(t/m3) 1.6 密度ρsand/(t/m3) 1.8 1.989 剪切模量Gc/kPa 15 剪切模量GS/kPa 82 105 粘聚力cu/kPa 33 摩擦角φTXC/° 31 38.5 峰值剪应变γmax 0.1 峰值剪应变γmax 0.1 0.1 参考围压Pr/kPa 100 参考围压Pr/kPa 101 101 压力系数n 0.5 压力系数n 0.5 0.5 屈服面数 20 相变角φPT 26.8 34 摩擦角φTXC 0 剪缩参数c1 0.61 0.076 
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表 2 混凝土结构截面材料
Table 2. Steel and concrete properties for the structure section
钢筋材料 混凝土材料 参数 取值 参数 取值 保护层 核心区 屈服强度fy/MPa 785 混凝土抗压强度fc/MPa −25.45 −28.0 弹性模量E/GPa 200 混凝土极限强度fcu/MPa −5.09 −5.6 应力硬化比b 0.01 混凝土峰值强度对应应变εc −0.003 −0.005 弹塑性控制参数 R0=18 混凝土压碎时对应的应变εcu −0.01 −0.025 CR1=0.925 混凝土弹性模量Ec/MPa 21.0 21.0 CR2=0.15 — — —
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