Review and Prospect of Earthquake Resistance and Seismic Isolation of Underground Structures
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摘要: 为进一步了解国内外关于地下结构抗震与减隔震的研究现状,首先,基于CiteSpace软件对文献展开量化分析,明确该领域研究历史发展脉络和进展;然后,对地下结构地震反应分析涉及的原型观测、理论分析、模型试验、数值模拟进行阐述,并综合分析不同研究方法的优缺点与适用情况;最后,从地下结构抗震与减隔震方面,总结国内外关于减轻强震区地下结构震害技术措施的研究成果,并对城市地下结构抗震韧性提升及未来需开展的研究工作进行展望。Abstract: To further understand the research status of earthquake resistance and seismic isolation of underground structures at home and abroad, this paper first carries out a quantitative analysis of literature based on CiteSpace software, and clarifies the historical development and research progress of this field. Secondly, the prototype observation, theoretical analysis, model test and numerical simulation involved in seismic response analysis of underground structures are described., the advantages and disadvantages and applicability of various research methods are comprehensively analyzed. Meanwhile, for the field of earthquake resistance and seismic isolation of underground structures, the research results of technical measures to reduce the earthquake damage of underground structures in strong earthquake areas are summarized. Finally, the improvement of earthquake resilience of urban underground structures and urgent future research work are prospected.
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引言
悬索桥是目前世界上广泛采用的大跨径桥梁,具有超强的跨越能力(王浩等,2014)。但悬索桥纵向刚度较小,在地震作用下易产生较大的塔梁相对位移,从而引起支座严重损伤甚至破坏,使主梁与引桥发生碰撞(Apaydın,2010;卢长炯等,2021)。严琨等(2017)研究了伸缩缝刚度对大跨度悬索桥地震响应的影响,认为悬索桥地震响应受伸缩缝刚度影响的程度与加劲梁和箱梁之间是否发生纵飘振型耦合密切相关。同时,对于悬索桥这种大跨度柔性结构,地震波到达各支点会存在时间差,因此,对其进行抗震分析时,不能忽略行波效应的影响(闫聚考等,2017)。Zheng等(2015)分析了一致激励和非一致激励下连续梁桥的地震响应,发现非一致激励作用下主梁和引桥更易发生碰撞,产生更大的危害。李丽等(2020)分析了一致激励与多点激励对悬索桥地震响应的影响,结果表明,主梁在多点激励作用下的位移略大于一致激励作用下的位移。沈禹等(2020)指出,行波效应对大跨度斜拉桥地震响应的影响与结构形式、地震波加速度峰值及视波速均有关。易富等(2019)对大跨度悬索桥进行不同波速多点激励地震响应分析,结果表明悬索桥地震响应受行波效应、衰减效应及不相干效应等因素的影响。
Yao(1972)提出了结构振动控制概念,随后许多学者对各类减震装置进行了大量研究。目前,设置黏滞阻尼器是大跨度悬索桥减震控制的常用措施。Ras等(2016)在钢框架结构中设置了流体黏性阻尼器进行地震响应分析,结果表明该黏滞阻尼器具有较好的减震控制能力。Kandemir等(2011)对某钢拱桥在桥台处加设黏滞阻尼器,验证了加设黏滞阻尼器可提高该桥在极端地震作用下的抗震性能。
在多种类型阻尼器中,软钢阻尼器构造简单,造价较低,且灵活的截面设计使其具有较大的应用范围(Wang等,2012;Semenov等,2020)。李钢等(2006)对不同截面形状的软钢阻尼器进行往复加载试验并开展数值模拟分析,结果表明,在地震作用下软钢阻尼器对框架结构具有良好的减震效果。王亚欣等(2021)以江津观音岩长江大桥为背景,研究了软钢阻尼器对大跨度斜拉桥的减震控制作用,结果表明,软钢阻尼器对斜拉桥具有较好的减震效果。目前,多位学者虽对大跨度悬索桥减震控制开展了大量研究,但进行的抗震分析多未考虑行波效应对减震效果的影响。另外,软钢阻尼器主要应用于建筑结构抗震加固中,在大跨度悬索桥中的研究与应用较少。悬索桥随着跨度的增大,结构形式逐渐复杂,在强震作用下有效控制其地震响应存在更大的挑战。因此,为更全面考虑行波效应对大跨度悬索桥地震响应的影响,并更有效的将减震装置运用到大跨度悬索桥减震控制中,对黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器进行参数敏感性分析,得出最优参数,并对比分析一致激励和行波激励作用下2种减震装置取最优参数时对大跨度悬索桥减震效果的影响。
1. 工程概况
润扬长江大桥为单跨双铰简支悬索桥,中跨跨径为1 490 m,边跨跨径为470 m。在设计成桥状态下,中跨主缆理论垂度为149.605 m,垂跨比约为1∶10,如图1所示。主梁为扁平流线形钢箱梁,采用正交异性板桥面,梁高3 m,全宽38.7 m。2根主缆中心距为34.3 m,吊索间距为16.1 m,其中近塔吊索距塔中心线20.5 m。为适度增强结构纵向刚度,避免跨中短吊杆出现弯折现象,在跨中设置刚性中央扣。索塔是由2个塔柱、3道横梁组成的门式框架结构,塔柱为钢筋混凝土空心箱型结构,塔高210 m。
2. 分析模型与动力特性
2.1 分析模型
图2所示为润扬长江大桥“脊骨梁式”空间有限元模型。桥面系、中央扣和主塔均采用Beam4单元模拟,加劲梁按吊杆吊点进行离散。加劲梁和吊杆采用刚臂连接。主缆和吊杆采用空间线性杆单元Link10模拟,主缆按吊杆吊点进行离散,单元受力模式为仅受拉。扬州侧主塔为北塔,镇江侧主塔为南塔。
对模型边界条件进行以下处理:在主梁梁端处耦合主梁和主塔横桥向、竖向及绕顺桥向的转动自由度;主缆和主塔顶部自由度全部耦合,不发生相对位移;边缆底部及主塔底部固结。
2.2 模态分析
模态分析是进行抗震分析的基础,采用Block Lanczos法对润扬长江大桥进行模态分析,计算模态数为200,前20阶自振特性如表1所示。该桥基频为0.049 857 Hz,基本周期较长,前20阶振型未出现纵飘振型,这主要是刚性中央扣作用的结果。前20阶振型主要以主缆和主梁振动为主,符合大跨度悬索桥这种柔性结构体系动力特征的一般规律。
表 1 悬索桥动力特性分析Table 1. Dynamic characteristic analysis of suspension bridge阶次 频率/Hz 振型描述 阶次 频率/Hz 振型描述 1 0.049 857 一阶对称侧弯 11 0.210 620 一阶反对称扭转 2 0.090 090 一阶反对称竖弯 12 0.214 330 主缆振动 3 0.130 630 一阶对称竖弯 13 0.247 290 主缆振动 4 0.131 430 一阶反对称侧弯 14 0.262 390 二阶对称侧弯 5 0.181 000 主缆振动 15 0.264 240 三阶对称竖弯 6 0.182 400 二阶对称竖弯 16 0.291 330 主缆振动 7 0.184 910 主缆振动 17 0.316 890 主缆振动+扭转 8 0.186 160 主缆振动+主梁扭转 18 0.326 400 三阶反对称竖弯 9 0.187 020 一阶对称扭转 19 0.328 770 主缆振动 10 0.200 630 二阶反对称竖弯 20 0.330 460 主缆振动 2.3 减震装置模型建立
黏滞阻尼器是速度相关型阻尼耗能装置。为控制地震发生时塔梁相对位移及其他桥梁关键节点的动力响应,选用线性黏滞阻尼器。由于阻尼器通过一定的相对位移或速度耗散能量从而达到减震效果,因此悬索桥在地震作用下主梁和桥塔之间会有较大的相对位移和速度,且桥塔根部高度相对较小,阻尼器发挥作用时不会使桥塔产生较大的弯矩即可保证桥塔安全。因此,将阻尼器布置在主梁两端与桥塔下横梁之间(姜涛等,2014)。在ANSYS软件中,采用Combin14单元模拟阻尼装置,如图3所示。Combin14单元输入数据包括2个节点坐标、弹簧刚度K、阻尼系数CV1和CV2,该单元的阻尼部分通过形成单元的阻尼系数矩阵实现(王新敏等,2011)。
选用E型软钢阻尼器,将其设置在悬索桥主梁两端与主塔下横梁之间(张玉平等,2018)。根据软钢阻尼器特性,选用Combin40单元,通过设置其中的相关参数和控制开关模拟软钢阻尼器。Combin40单元结构组成如图4所示,其中K1和K2为弹簧刚度,C为阻尼系数,M为质量,G为间隙尺寸,FS为界限滑移力。将C、M和G均设为0,K1设为弹性刚度与屈服后刚度K2之差,屈服后刚度K2取1 071.43 kN/m,FS设为屈服荷载。
3. 阻尼器主要力学参数
3.1 地震波
根据JTG/T B02—01—2008《公路桥梁抗震设计细则》(中华人民共和国交通运输部,2008)的规定,通常采用3条地震波进行地震响应分析,其中包括El Centro南北向波(简称El Centro波)、远场地震波Chi-Chi-Taiwan CHY101(简称CHY101波)和近场脉冲型地震波Chi-Chi-Taiwan TCU102(简称TCU102波),对应的卓越频率分别为1.47、0.390 6、0.408 9 Hz。润扬长江大桥自振频率为0.498 6 Hz,TCU102波卓越频率更接近该桥自振频率,因此该桥受TCU102波作用时的地震响应更大。综上所述,采用TCU102波作为地震动输入。
3.2 黏滞阻尼器
阻尼系数取值范围为1 000~50 000 kN·s·m−1,共设9组工况。设置黏滞阻尼器前、后在TCU102波纵向输入下悬索桥地震响应峰值随阻尼系数的变化曲线如图5所示。由图5可知,随着阻尼系数的增加,结构位移减小,但内力总体趋于增大。为保持设置黏滞阻尼器后塔底弯矩和剪力不超过无减震装置时的情况,考虑一致激励作用下不同阻尼系数对减震效果的影响,选出最优阻尼系数C=6 000 kN·s·m−1。
3.3 软钢阻尼器
3.3.1 屈服荷载
软钢阻尼器参数参考某已建悬索桥,屈服位移Dy取10 mm,极限位移D0取Dy的15倍,极限荷载F0为屈服荷载Fy的1.15倍。屈服荷载取值范围为900~50 000 kN。TCU102波输入下软钢阻尼器响应峰值如表2所示。由表2可知,当屈服荷载为20 000 kN时,南北塔阻尼器位移均小于15倍的屈服位移。因此,屈服荷载取20 000 kN。
表 2 TCU102波输入下软钢阻尼器响应峰值Table 2. Peak values of responses of mild steel damper under TCU102 wave input屈服荷载/kN 南塔阻尼器位移/m 北塔阻尼器位移/m 南塔阻尼器阻尼力/kN 北塔阻尼器阻尼力/kN 900 0.817 2 0.806 9 11 800 11 800 2 000 0.694 2 0.692 1 3 587 3 663 4 000 0.553 1 0.596 4 4 967 4 833 6 000 0.456 3 0.449 1 6 239 6 091 9 000 0.246 1 0.240 8 9 496 9 113 20 000 0.089 7 0.076 1 8 872 8 650 40 000 0.016 8 0.014 1 8 085 8 239 50 000 0.005 4 0.004 9 7 758 7 963 3.3.2 弹性刚度
弹性刚度取值范围为0.1×105~6×105 kN/m。悬索桥各关键位置地震响应峰值随弹性刚度的变化曲线如图6所示。由图6可知,当软钢阻尼器弹性刚度>200×103 kN/m时,塔梁相对位移峰值、塔顶位移峰值、塔底弯矩峰值及塔底剪力峰值均无明显变化,因此,弹性刚度取200×103 kN/m。
4. 减震控制分析
在敏感性分析的基础上,分析一致激励和行波激励作用下2减震装置的减震效果。
4.1 一致激励分析
4.1.1 黏滞阻尼器
在TCU102波纵向输入下,各关键点地震响应时程曲线如图7所示。由图7可知,当阻尼系数为6 000 kN·s·m−1时,黏滞阻尼器的设置对悬索桥塔梁相对位移和塔顶位移有明显的限制作用,使位移峰值明显减小,且时程曲线衰减速度明显较快;塔底弯矩和塔底剪力减小并不明显,弯矩和剪力峰值略有减小,且在40 s后减小较明显。综上所述,大跨度悬索桥在塔梁连接处设置黏滞阻尼器后可有效限制塔梁相对位移和塔顶位移。
4.1.2 软钢阻尼器
通过对软钢阻尼器进行参数敏感性分析,确定最佳屈服荷载为20 000 kN,最佳弹性刚度为200×103 kN/m。在地震波一致输入下,设置软钢阻尼器前、后的悬索桥地震响应时程曲线如图8所示。由图8可知,塔梁相对位移在设置了软钢阻尼器后明显减小,相对位移峰值由1.003 9 m减至0.194 6 m,降低了80.6%;塔顶位移在设置了软钢阻尼器后降低了36%;设置软钢阻尼器后,悬索桥主塔内部剪力发生了重分布,塔底弯矩和剪力均有所增加,其中塔底弯矩峰值由4 847×103 kN·m增至5 778×103 kN·m,增幅为19.2%,塔底剪力峰值由73×103 kN增至93×103 kN,增幅为27.4%。在今后的悬索桥减震设计中应关注设置软钢阻尼器后塔底弯矩和剪力的增大。
4.2 行波激励分析
选择TCU102波作为纵向地震动输入,视波速取8 000、6 000、4 000、2 000、1 500、1 000、500、200、100 m/s。2种减震装置参数取值与一致激励情况保持一致,分析悬索桥塔梁相对位移、塔顶位移、塔底弯矩和塔底剪力。
4.2.1 黏滞阻尼器
当阻尼系数为6 000、10 000、50 000 kN·s·m−1 时,悬索桥结构响应随视波速的变化曲线如图9所示。由图9(a)可知,当阻尼系数不变时,塔梁相对位移在低视波速区间内(视波速<2 000 m/s)呈降低趋势。当视波速逐渐增大,塔梁相对位移峰值曲线变化趋于平缓,随视波速增大逐渐趋于一致激励作用下的对应值。在任意视波速下,黏滞阻尼器对塔梁相对位移的控制效果均随着阻尼系数的增大而增大,这是由于黏滞阻尼器是速度相关型减震装置,不会影响悬索桥动力特性。
在所选视波速区间内,塔顶位移变化区间较大。当阻尼系数为6 000、10 000、50 000 kN·s·m−1时,塔顶位移最大值均在视波速为100 m/s时出现,分别为1.845 7、1.827 4、1.737 5 m。当视波速>2 000 m/s时,塔顶位移峰值随视波速的变化趋于平缓,并逐渐趋于一致激励作用下的对应值。塔底弯矩及剪力变化趋势相似,在低视波速内波动较大。当视波速为500 m/s时,塔底内力峰值达最小值;当视波速>2 000 m/s时,塔底内力峰值随视波速的增大逐渐趋于平缓。阻尼系数较低时,塔底弯矩及剪力随着视波速的增大更接近一致激励作用下的对应值。
4.2.2 软钢阻尼器
悬索桥结构响应峰值随视波速的变化规律如图10所示。由图10可知,随着视波速的增大,塔梁相对位移峰值和塔顶位移峰值明显减小,这表明设置软钢阻尼器可有效控制大跨度悬索桥在地震作用下的位移响应。视波速取值为100 m/s时,塔梁相对位移峰值为1.09 m,达最大值;随着视波速的增大,塔梁相对位移几乎不再变化。同样,当视波速为100 m/s时,塔顶位移峰值为1.88 m,达最大值;当视波速>2 000 m/s时,塔顶位移随视波速的变化趋于平缓,但仍略大于一致激励作用下的对应值。
在所选视波速区间内,低视波速时塔底弯矩和塔底剪力波动较大,总体呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势。当视波速为1 500 m/s时塔底内力峰值最小,其中塔底弯矩峰值最小为314.7×103 kN·m,塔底剪力峰值最小为62.8×103 kN。当视波速>1 500 m/s时,塔底内力峰值随视波速的增大逐渐增大并趋于平缓。
4.3 2种减震装置减震效果对比分析
4.3.1 一致激励作用下减震效果对比
在TCU102波纵向输入下,2种减震装置对悬索桥关键部位地震响应的减震效果如表3所示。由表3可知,软钢阻尼器对塔梁相对位移的控制效果较黏滞阻尼器的控制效果好,在所选最优参数的软钢阻尼器控制下,塔梁相对位移减震率可达77.8%;对于塔顶位移的控制,2种减震装置减震效果无异,减震率均为35%左右。
表 3 悬索桥结构关键部位地震响应与减震效果对比Table 3. Comparison of seismic responses and shock absorbing effect on key positions of suspension bridge structure减震装置 塔梁相对位移/m 减震率η/% 塔顶位移/m 减震率η/% 塔底弯矩/(kN·m) 减震率η/% 塔底剪力/kN 减震率η/% 无减震装置 0.874 9 — 0.664 8 — 4 564.11×103 — 72.48×103 — 黏滞阻尼器 0.421 6 51.8 0.430 8 35.2 4 411.13×103 3.4 72.55×103 −0.1 软钢阻尼器 0.194 6 77.8 0.426 5 35.8 5 778.02×103 −26.6 92.75×103 −27.9 2种减震装置均使悬索桥内力响应增大,其中,软钢阻尼器对内力响应的影响更明显,塔底弯矩增幅达26.6%,塔底剪力增幅达27.9%。选用黏滞阻尼器时,悬索桥内力响应增幅较小。因此,在保证对塔梁相对位移有较好控制效果的前提下,尚需考虑减震装置对主塔内力的影响。
4.3.2 行波激励作用下减震效果对比
考虑行波效应时,不同减震装置对悬索桥结构关键节点的位移响应减震率如表4所示。由表4可知,在不同视波速下,2种减震装置对塔梁相对位移均有较好的控制效果。软钢阻尼器的控制效果更优,对塔梁相对位移的减震率保持在15%以上,减震率最高可达76.16%,此时塔梁相对位移峰值为0.20 m。黏滞阻尼器对塔梁相对位移的减震率最高为23.31%。所以,就塔梁相对位移控制而言,软钢阻尼器优于黏滞阻尼器。2种减震装置对塔顶位移的影响较小,当视波速为500 m/s时,黏滞阻尼器减震率最小为0.46%。值得关注的是,由于行波效应的影响,当视波速为500 m/s时,软钢阻尼器使塔顶位移有所增大,增幅为42.45%,此时塔顶位移峰值为0.91 m。
表 4 行波效应下悬索桥结构关键部位位移响应与减震效果对比Table 4. Comparison of displacement response shock absorbing effect on key positions of suspension bridge structure under traveling wave effect视波速/(m·s−1) 塔梁相对位移减震率η/% 塔顶位移减震率η/% 黏滞阻尼器 软钢阻尼器 黏滞阻尼器 软钢阻尼器 100 4.32 21.57 1.69 1.06 200 6.49 19.41 2.87 2.67 500 9.62 41.73 0.46 −42.45 1 000 20.46 22.88 5.41 14.09 1 500 2.19 15.77 1.59 9.47 2 000 8.48 22.31 4.45 11.22 4 000 15.75 69.66 10.18 13.49 6 000 20.36 75.88 11.61 18.36 8 000 23.31 76.16 12.24 20.53 考虑行波效应时,不同减震装置对悬索桥结构关键节点的内力响应减震率如表5所示。由表5可知,视波速不同时,同一减震装置的减震效果不同。黏滞阻尼器仅在视波速为100 m/s时使塔底内力有所增大,而在其余视波速的情况下可起到减震效果。软钢阻尼器对塔底内力的减震效果受视波速的影响更大。当视波速为2 000 m/s时,软钢阻尼器对塔底内力的减震效果最好,此时塔底弯矩峰值为62.8×103 kN·m。综上所述,软钢阻尼器可在不显著增大塔底内力的基础上,更有效地控制塔梁相对位移。
表 5 行波效应下悬索桥结构关键部位内力响应减震效果对比Table 5. Comparison of internal force response shock absorbing effect on key positions of suspension bridge structures视波速/(m·s−1) 塔底弯矩减震率η/% 塔底剪力减震率η/% 黏滞阻尼器 软钢阻尼器 黏滞阻尼器 软钢阻尼器 100 −3.28 −2.98 −8.17 −41.79 200 16.66 15.92 17.73 3.08 500 13.65 −41.92 11.54 −43.90 1 000 8.23 12.98 11.41 −6.41 1 500 0.79 19.93 0.43 2.16 2 000 0.89 21.08 1.07 3.75 4 000 7.36 −1.52 1.40 −26.46 6 000 16.95 −6.88 11.31 −20.13 8 000 19.28 −12.27 9.16 −17.46 5. 结论
(1) 在一致激励和行波激励作用下,黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器均可有效减小塔梁相对位移和塔顶位移,但会增大塔底弯矩和剪力。
(2) 黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器均对大跨度悬索桥有较好的减震控制效果。针对润扬长江大桥,经参数敏感性分析,选出合适的阻尼器参数,其中黏滞阻尼器最优阻尼系数C=6 000 kN·s·m−1,软钢阻尼器最佳屈服荷载为20 000 kN,弹性刚度为200×103 kN/m。
(3) 对润扬长江大桥选用最优参数的黏滞阻尼器及软钢阻尼器进行分析,在一致激励作用下,塔梁相对位移减震率分别达51.8%、77.8%,考虑行波效应时的塔梁相对位移减震率分别达23.31%、76.16%。就塔梁相对位移控制而言,软钢阻尼器控制效果更好。
(4) 考虑行波效应时,黏滞阻尼器和软钢阻尼器受视波速的影响较明显,尤其在低视波速区间内,悬索桥地震响应波动较大。随着视波速的不断增大,悬索桥地震响应逐渐平缓,并趋于一致激励作用下的对应值。
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